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Grammar Reference in Tables
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК В ТАБЛИЦАХ
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
|
|
-s(-es) |
Исключения | |
|
Единственное число |
Множественное число |
Единственное число |
Множественное число |
|
accountant |
accountants |
man |
men |
|
table |
tables |
woman |
women |
|
pen |
pens |
child |
children |
|
customer |
customers |
formula |
formulae |
|
country |
countries |
datum |
data |
|
shelf |
shelves |
crisis |
crises |
|
potato |
potatoes |
criterion |
criteria |
|
class |
classes |
nucleus |
nuclei |
|
photo |
photos |
foot |
feet |
|
piano |
pianos |
tooth |
teeth |
|
|
|
goose |
geese |
|
|
|
mouse |
mice |
|
|
|
ox |
oxen |
|
|
|
sheep |
sheep |
|
|
|
swine |
swine |
ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
|
Словосочетания с предлогом of |
Притяжательный падеж |
|
единственное число - ‘s | |
|
the letter of my brother |
my brother’s letter |
|
множественное число - ‘ | |
|
the room of John and Mary |
John and Mary’s room |
|
the office of the managers |
the managers’ office |
|
множественное число (исключение) - ‘s | |
|
the toys of the children |
the children’s toys |
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
|
Личные Именительный падеж Объектный падеж |
I mе |
you you |
he him |
she her |
it it |
we us |
they them | |
|
Притяжательные I форма II форма |
mу mine |
your yours |
his his |
her hers |
its its |
our ours |
their theirs | |
|
Возвратные и усилительные |
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | |||||||
|
Указательные |
this (these), that (those), such, the same | |||||||
|
Вопросительные |
who, whom, whose, what, which | |||||||
|
Относительные и соединительные |
who, whom, whose, what, which, that | |||||||
|
Неопределенные |
some, any, one, all, each, every, other, another, both, many, much, few, little, either, neither, no, none | |||||||
|
Взаимные |
each other, one another | |||||||
СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ
|
|
Положительная |
Сравнительная |
Превосходная |
|
Односложные и некоторые двусложные |
|
-er |
(the) -est |
|
small |
smaller |
smallest | |
|
easy |
easier |
easiest | |
|
early |
earlier |
earliest | |
|
Многосложные |
|
more |
(the) most |
|
|
interesting |
more |
most |
|
|
|
interesting |
interesting |
|
|
expensive |
more |
most |
|
|
|
expensive |
expensive |
|
|
beautifully |
more |
most |
|
|
|
beautifully |
beautifully |
|
Исключения |
good/well |
better |
best |
|
|
bad/badly |
worse |
worst |
|
|
far |
farther/further |
farthest/furthest |
|
|
many /.much |
more |
most |
|
|
little |
less |
least |
СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛА to be в INDEFINITE TENSES
|
|
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
|
I am ... |
Am I...? |
I am not... |
|
Present |
You are ... He (she, it) is ... |
Are you ...? Is (he, she, it) ...? |
You are not... He (she, it) is not... |
|
|
We are ... You are ... They are ... |
Are .we…? Are .you…? Are .they…? |
We are .not.. You are not... They are not... |
|
Past |
I (he, she, it) was... You (we, they)were... |
Was I (he, she, it)...? Were you (we, they) ... ? |
I (he, she, it) was not... You (we, they) were not... |
|
Future |
I (we) shall/will be... You (he, she, it, they) will be ... |
Shall/Will I (we) be...? Will you (he, she, it, they) be ...? |
I (we) shall/will not be... You (he, she, it, they) will not be ... |
ВИДОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ (ПАССИВНОМ) ЗАЛОГЕ
|
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
|
Simple
|
Am/is/are + V3 |
Was/were + V3 |
Will be + V3 |
|
Messages are sent every day |
The messages were sent yesterday |
The messages will be sent tomorrow | |
|
Progressive
|
Am/is/are being + V 3 |
Was/were being + V3 |
- |
|
The messages are being sent now |
The messages were being sent at 7 o'clock yesterday (when we came) |
- | |
|
Perfect |
Have/has been + V 3 |
Had been + V3 |
Will have been+ V 3 |
|
The messages have just been sent |
The messages had been sent by 7 o'clock yesterday |
The messages will have been sent by 7 o'clock tomorrow |
ВИДОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ (АКТИВНОМ) ЗАЛОГЕ
|
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
||
|
|
V,V-s |
v2 |
Will + V |
||
|
Simple |
every day (week, month, year), usually, often, seldom... |
yesterday, last time, last week (month, year, century), a week ago. when? |
tomorrow, next time, next week (month, year, century), in a week... |
||
|
|
|||||
|
I (you, we, they) send messages every week. He (she) sends messages every week. Do you (we, they) send messages every week? Does he (she) send messages every week? I (you, we, they) do not send messages every week. He (she) does not send messages every week. |
He sent messages last week. Did he send messages last week? He did not send messages last week |
He will send |
|||
|
messages next week. |
|||||
|
Will he send |
|||||
|
messages next |
|||||
|
week? |
|||||
|
He will not send |
|||||
|
|
messages next week |
||||
|
Progressive |
Am/is/are + V-ing |
Was/were + V-ing |
Will be + V-ing |
||
|
at this moment, now... |
when he came, at that time yesterday, at 5 o'clock ... |
tomorrow at this time, this time next Monday... |
|||
|
I am sending messages now. He (she) is sending messages now. You (we, they) are sending messages now |
He (she) was sending a message at 5 o'clock yesterday (when we came). You (we, they) were sending messages at 5 o'clock yesterday (when she came) |
He will be sending messages at 5 o'clock tomorrow |
|||
|
(when we come) |
|||||
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Have/has+ V3 |
Had + V3 |
Will have + V, |
||
|
Perfect |
today, this week |
by 5 о 'clock, last |
by this time next |
||
|
(month, year), already, |
Monday, by the end of |
Monday, before . |
|||
|
never, ever, yet, |
..., when (before) he |
|
|||
|
recently, since (then) |
came |
|
|||
|
He (she) has just sent a message. I (we, you, they) have already sent messages |
He had sent messages before we came |
He will have sent messages before we come |
|||
|
|
|||||
|
Perfect Progressive |
Have/has been + V-ing |
Had been + V-ing |
Will have been + V-ing |
||
|
since then, for an hour, already, for a long time, How long...? Since when? |
since the time when (before) ... |
for 2 hours by the time (before) ... |
|||
|
|
|||||
|
He has been sending messages since 2 o'clock |
He had been sending messages for 30 minutes before we came |
He will have been sending messages for 30 minutes before we come. |
|||
|
|
|||||
|
| |||||
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
|
I knew (that)
|
he worked ... (was working) ... |
работает |
одновременное действие |
|
he had worked ...(had been working) . |
работал |
предшествующее действие | |
|
he would work ... (would be working) |
будет работать |
последующее действие |
ПРЯМАЯ И КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ
|
Утверждения She is a nice person. You have good pronunciation. I have never been to Austria. |
He says (that) she is a nice person. I have good pronunciation. he has never been to Austria.
she was a nice person. He said (that) I had good pronunciation. he had never been to Austria. | |
|
Специальные вопросы |
where I studied. She asked (me) when he would come back. She wanted to know what they were reading. | |
|
Where do you study? | ||
|
When will he come back? | ||
|
What are they reading? | ||
|
| ||
|
Общие вопросы |
I liked New-York. I had ever been to She asked (me) Paris before. if/whether I had visited my parents the day before. | |
|
Do you like New-York? | ||
|
Have you ever been to Paris? | ||
|
| ||
|
Did you visit your parents | ||
|
yesterday? | ||
|
Приказания, просьбы и т. д. |
|
|
|
Do not go out! |
They told me not to go out. | |
|
Phone the doctor, please. |
He asked me |
to phone the doctor. |
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
|
|
Выражает: |
Переводится: |
Present |
Past |
Future | |
|
Can (could) |
способность, умение, разреше- ние, просьбу |
мочь, уметь, можно |
Не can play chess. You can take my dictionary |
He could play chess last year. Could you give me a lift home? |
- | |
|
to be able to (эквивалент глагола can) |
умение, способ- ность |
мочь, уметь, быть в состоянии |
He is able to do it himself. |
He was able to do it himself. |
He will be able to do it himself. | |
|
may (might) |
разрешение, возможность предположение |
мочь |
May I use your phone? He may be back tonight. |
He said he might order the book by phone. |
- | |
|
to be allowed to (эквивалент глагола may) |
разрешение |
мочь, разрешается |
Nobody is allowed to leave the room while the exam lasts. |
Nobody was allowed to leave the room while the exam lasted. |
Nobody will be allowed to leave the room while the exam lasts. | |
|
must
|
долженствование, необходимость |
должен, нужно, надо |
We must go now. |
- |
- | |
|
to have to |
необходимость, обусловленную обстоятельствами |
должен, приходится, вынужден |
Не has to work overtime. Does he have to work overtime? He does not have to work overtime. |
He had to work overtime yesterday. Did he have to work overtime yesterday? He did not have to work overtime. |
He will have to work overtime tomorrow. Will he have to work overtime tomorrow? He will not have to work overtime tomor row. | |
|
to be to |
необходимость, связанную с договоренностью или планом |
должен |
am to; are to; is to We are to meet at at 5 p.m. |
was to; were to We were to meet at 5 p.m. yesterday |
- | |
|
should |
совет, должен- ствование |
следует, надо, нужно, должен |
You should be more polite. |
- |
- | |
|
ought to |
долженствование, моральный долг |
следует, следо- вало бы, должен, надо |
You ought to help your mother. |
- |
- | |
|
need |
необходимость, отсутствие необходимости |
(не) нужно, (не) надо |
Need I go there? You needn 't do this. |
- |
- | |
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК В ТАБЛИЦАХ
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ
|
|
-s(-es) |
Исключения | |
|
Единственное число |
Множественное число |
Единственное число |
Множественное число |
|
accountant |
accountants |
man |
men |
|
table |
tables |
woman |
women |
|
pen |
pens |
child |
children |
|
customer |
customers |
formula |
formulae |
|
country |
countries |
datum |
data |
|
shelf |
shelves |
crisis |
crises |
|
potato |
potatoes |
criterion |
criteria |
|
class |
classes |
nucleus |
nuclei |
|
photo |
photos |
foot |
feet |
|
piano |
pianos |
tooth |
teeth |
|
|
|
goose |
geese |
|
|
|
mouse |
mice |
|
|
|
ox |
oxen |
|
|
|
sheep |
sheep |
|
|
|
swine |
swine |
ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ
|
Словосочетания с предлогом of |
Притяжательный падеж |
|
единственное число - ‘s | |
|
the letter of my brother |
my brother’s letter |
|
множественное число - ‘ | |
|
the room of John and Mary |
John and Mary’s room |
|
the office of the managers |
the managers’ office |
|
множественное число (исключение) - ‘s | |
|
the toys of the children |
the children’s toys |
МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
|
Личные Именительный падеж Объектный падеж |
I mе |
you you |
he him |
she her |
it it |
we us |
they them | |
|
Притяжательные I форма II форма |
mу mine |
your yours |
his his |
her hers |
its its |
our ours |
their theirs | |
|
Возвратные и усилительные |
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | |||||||
|
Указательные |
this (these), that (those), such, the same | |||||||
|
Вопросительные |
who, whom, whose, what, which | |||||||
|
Относительные и соединительные |
who, whom, whose, what, which, that | |||||||
|
Неопределенные |
some, any, one, all, each, every, other, another, both, many, much, few, little, either, neither, no, none | |||||||
|
Взаимные |
each other, one another | |||||||
СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ
|
|
Положительная |
Сравнительная |
Превосходная |
|
Односложные и некоторые двусложные |
|
-er |
(the) -est |
|
small |
smaller |
smallest | |
|
easy |
easier |
easiest | |
|
early |
earlier |
earliest | |
|
Многосложные |
|
more |
(the) most |
|
|
interesting |
more |
most |
|
|
|
interesting |
interesting |
|
|
expensive |
more |
most |
|
|
|
expensive |
expensive |
|
|
beautifully |
more |
most |
|
|
|
beautifully |
beautifully |
|
Исключения |
good/well |
better |
best |
|
|
bad/badly |
worse |
worst |
|
|
far |
farther/further |
farthest/furthest |
|
|
many /.much |
more |
most |
|
|
little |
less |
least |
СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛА to be в INDEFINITE TENSES
|
|
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
|
I am ... |
Am I...? |
I am not... |
|
Present |
You are ... He (she, it) is ... |
Are you ...? Is (he, she, it) ...? |
You are not... He (she, it) is not... |
|
|
We are ... You are ... They are ... |
Are .we…? Are .you…? Are .they…? |
We are .not.. You are not... They are not... |
|
Past |
I (he, she, it) was... You (we, they)were... |
Was I (he, she, it)...? Were you (we, they) ... ? |
I (he, she, it) was not... You (we, they) were not... |
|
Future |
I (we) shall/will be... You (he, she, it, they) will be ... |
Shall/Will I (we) be...? Will you (he, she, it, they) be ...? |
I (we) shall/will not be... You (he, she, it, they) will not be ... |
ВИДОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ (ПАССИВНОМ) ЗАЛОГЕ
|
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
|
Simple
|
Am/is/are + V3 |
Was/were + V3 |
Will be + V3 |
|
Messages are sent every day |
The messages were sent yesterday |
The messages will be sent tomorrow | |
|
Progressive
|
Am/is/are being + V 3 |
Was/were being + V3 |
- |
|
The messages are being sent now |
The messages were being sent at 7 o'clock yesterday (when we came) |
- | |
|
Perfect |
Have/has been + V 3 |
Had been + V3 |
Will have been+ V 3 |
|
The messages have just been sent |
The messages had been sent by 7 o'clock yesterday |
The messages will have been sent by 7 o'clock tomorrow |
ВИДОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ (АКТИВНОМ) ЗАЛОГЕ
|
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
||
|
|
V,V-s |
v2 |
Will + V |
||
|
Simple |
every day (week, month, year), usually, often, seldom... |
yesterday, last time, last week (month, year, century), a week ago. when? |
tomorrow, next time, next week (month, year, century), in a week... |
||
|
|
|||||
|
I (you, we, they) send messages every week. He (she) sends messages every week. Do you (we, they) send messages every week? Does he (she) send messages every week? I (you, we, they) do not send messages every week. He (she) does not send messages every week. |
He sent messages last week. Did he send messages last week? He did not send messages last week |
He will send |
|||
|
messages next week. |
|||||
|
Will he send |
|||||
|
messages next |
|||||
|
week? |
|||||
|
He will not send |
|||||
|
|
messages next week |
||||
|
Progressive |
Am/is/are + V-ing |
Was/were + V-ing |
Will be + V-ing |
||
|
at this moment, now... |
when he came, at that time yesterday, at 5 o'clock ... |
tomorrow at this time, this time next Monday... |
|||
|
I am sending messages now. He (she) is sending messages now. You (we, they) are sending messages now |
He (she) was sending a message at 5 o'clock yesterday (when we came). You (we, they) were sending messages at 5 o'clock yesterday (when she came) |
He will be sending messages at 5 o'clock tomorrow |
|||
|
(when we come) |
|||||
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Have/has+ V3 |
Had + V3 |
Will have + V, |
||
|
Perfect |
today, this week |
by 5 о 'clock, last |
by this time next |
||
|
(month, year), already, |
Monday, by the end of |
Monday, before . |
|||
|
never, ever, yet, |
..., when (before) he |
|
|||
|
recently, since (then) |
came |
|
|||
|
He (she) has just sent a message. I (we, you, they) have already sent messages |
He had sent messages before we came |
He will have sent messages before we come |
|||
|
|
|||||
|
Perfect Progressive |
Have/has been + V-ing |
Had been + V-ing |
Will have been + V-ing |
||
|
since then, for an hour, already, for a long time, How long...? Since when? |
since the time when (before) ... |
for 2 hours by the time (before) ... |
|||
|
|
|||||
|
He has been sending messages since 2 o'clock |
He had been sending messages for 30 minutes before we came |
He will have been sending messages for 30 minutes before we come. |
|||
|
|
|||||
|
| |||||
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
|
I knew (that)
|
he worked ... (was working) ... |
работает |
одновременное действие |
|
he had worked ...(had been working) . |
работал |
предшествующее действие | |
|
he would work ... (would be working) |
будет работать |
последующее действие |
ПРЯМАЯ И КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ
|
Утверждения She is a nice person. You have good pronunciation. I have never been to Austria. |
He says (that) she is a nice person. I have good pronunciation. he has never been to Austria.
she was a nice person. He said (that) I had good pronunciation. he had never been to Austria. | |
|
Специальные вопросы |
where I studied. She asked (me) when he would come back. She wanted to know what they were reading. | |
|
Where do you study? | ||
|
When will he come back? | ||
|
What are they reading? | ||
|
| ||
|
Общие вопросы |
I liked New-York. I had ever been to She asked (me) Paris before. if/whether I had visited my parents the day before. | |
|
Do you like New-York? | ||
|
Have you ever been to Paris? | ||
|
| ||
|
Did you visit your parents | ||
|
yesterday? | ||
|
Приказания, просьбы и т. д. |
|
|
|
Do not go out! |
They told me not to go out. | |
|
Phone the doctor, please. |
He asked me |
to phone the doctor. |
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
|
|
Выражает: |
Переводится: |
Present |
Past |
Future | |
|
Can (could) |
способность, умение, разреше- ние, просьбу |
мочь, уметь, можно |
Не can play chess. You can take my dictionary |
He could play chess last year. Could you give me a lift home? |
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|
to be able to (эквивалент глагола can) |
умение, способ- ность |
мочь, уметь, быть в состоянии |
He is able to do it himself. |
He was able to do it himself. |
He will be able to do it himself. | |
|
may (might) |
разрешение, возможность предположение |
мочь |
May I use your phone? He may be back tonight. |
He said he might order the book by phone. |
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|
to be allowed to (эквивалент глагола may) |
разрешение |
мочь, разрешается |
Nobody is allowed to leave the room while the exam lasts. |
Nobody was allowed to leave the room while the exam lasted. |
Nobody will be allowed to leave the room while the exam lasts. | |
|
must
|
долженствование, необходимость |
должен, нужно, надо |
We must go now. |
- |
- | |
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to have to |
необходимость, обусловленную обстоятельствами |
должен, приходится, вынужден |
Не has to work overtime. Does he have to work overtime? He does not have to work overtime. |
He had to work overtime yesterday. Did he have to work overtime yesterday? He did not have to work overtime. |
He will have to work overtime tomorrow. Will he have to work overtime tomorrow? He will not have to work overtime tomor row. | |
|
to be to |
необходимость, связанную с договоренностью или планом |
должен |
am to; are to; is to We are to meet at at 5 p.m. |
was to; were to We were to meet at 5 p.m. yesterday |
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|
should |
совет, должен- ствование |
следует, надо, нужно, должен |
You should be more polite. |
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- | |
|
ought to |
долженствование, моральный долг |
следует, следо- вало бы, должен, надо |
You ought to help your mother. |
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|
need |
необходимость, отсутствие необходимости |
(не) нужно, (не) надо |
Need I go there? You needn 't do this. |
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