Step I. Before reading the text discuss the following
questions
Ø What is matter?
Ø Do you know any states of matter? What are they? Give
examples.
Ø We often talk about the three states of matter. Do you
know that there are more than three states of matter? What are they?
Ø Can matter move from one state to another? What does
it depend on?
Step II. Find in
the text sentences with the following word combinations and try to guess their
meanings.
Ø occupy space; take away energy; clamp together; highly
ordered form; energy transfer.
Text
States of matter
Anything which has mass and
occupies space is called matter. Everything around us, for example, book, pen,
water, all living beings etc. are composed of matter. They have mass and occupy
space.
Matter can occupy three classic states –gas, liquid
and solid. Each of these states is also known as a phase. Changes of state
depend on the motion of sub-microscopic particles. The motion of these
particles depends on energy. Cooling particles takes away energy and slows them
down. Heating particles adds energy and speeds them up. In a gas these
particles move quickly and randomly, they have neither set volume nor shape. In
a liquid the particles slow down and clamp together. In a solid particles of
matter have a definite volume and shape. They are held in a pattern that
repeats itself in three dimensions. Crystals are highly ordered form of solid
matter. They were one of the first clues to the arrangement of particles in the
solid state.
Although there are three states of matter some
scientists consider plasma as the fourth state of matter. This term has been
used in physics in 1920s to represent an ionized gas.
Scientists
study plasma for practical purposes. In an effort to harness fusion energy on
Earth, physicists are studying devices that create and confine very hot plasma
in magnetic fields. In space, plasma processes are largely responsible for
shielding Earth from cosmic radiation and much of the Sun’s influence on Earth
occurs by energy transfer through the ionized layers of the upper atmosphere.
Topical vocabulary:
clamp [klæmp] – зажимать, скреплять; device [dɪ'vaɪs]
– устройство, приспособление; deposition [ˌdepə'zɪʃ(ə)n ] - осаждение, осадок; fusion energy – термоядерная энергия; layer ['leɪə] – слой; liquid ['lɪkwɪd] – жидкость, жидкий; solid – твердый, твердое тело; motion – движение; phase – фаза, состояние; shield [ʃiːld] – защита, экран; state – состояние; sublimation [ˌsʌblɪ'meɪʃ(ə)n] –сублимация, испарение твердых веществ; transfer [træn(t)s'fɜː] – переносить, перемещать; vaporization [ˌveɪp(ə)raɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n] – испарение.
Step III.
Translate the following English word combinations from the text into Russian:
Motion of sub-microscopic particles_____________________________
They have neither set volume nor shape__________________________
Repeats itself in three dimensions_______________________________
To represent an ionized gas____________________________________
Create and confine very hot plasma______________________________
Shielding Earth from cosmic radiation___________________________
Ionized layers of the upper
atmosphere___________________________
Clues to the arrangement of particles in the solid
state_______________
Step IV. Read
the information about ‘phase transition’ and insert the following terms into
phase transition scheme.
A phase transition is the
transition of thermodynamic system from one phase or state of matter to
another. There are the following key terms of moving from one
state of matter to another: melting(the transition by which a solid becomes a liquid), vaporization (the transition by which a
liquid becomes a gas), sublimation (an unusual process by which a
solid goes directly to the gas phase without turning into a liquid first), freezing
(the transition by which a liquid becomes a solid), condensation(the transition by which a
gas becomes a liquid), deposition(the transition by
which a gas vapor goes directly into the solid phase without becoming a
liquid first), evaporation(the transition by which a liquid on the
surface of a sample changes to the gas phase), ionization (the process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion), recombination (the process by which
ions of a plasma capture the free energetic electrons to form new neutral
atoms) .
Step V. Say if the statements
are true or false.
1.
Changes
of state depend on temperature.
2.
Some
scientists don’t consider plasma as the fourth state of matter.
3.
Cooling
particles adds energy and speeds them up.
4.
Heating
particles takes away energy and slows them down.
5.
Scientists
study plasma only for theoretical purposes.
6.
Liquids
and gases usually have the form of their container.
7.
A
temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid is called its melting point.
8.
Sublimation
is the evaporation of solids.
9.
Crystals
may evaporate in a manner similar to that of liquids.
10.
The
phenomenon sublimation may be noticed in solid carbon dioxide (dry ice),
camphor, paradichlorobenzene and many odorous solids.
Step VI. Match the words
with their synonyms or definitions.
|
A |
B |
|
1. plasma |
a. physical
substance or material |
|
2. solid |
b. energy sent
out as electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles |
|
3. liquid |
c. a gas of
positive ions and free electrons with little or no overall charge
|
|
4. matter |
d. the gases
surrounding the Earth or another planet |
|
5. means |
e. a thing or
method used to achieve a result |
|
6. radiation |
f. a substance
that flows freely |
|
7. atmosphere |
g. firm and
stable in shape |
Step VII. Discuss these
questions with your partner.
1. What do changes of matter
depend on?
2. What is particles’
arrangement in a gas?
3. What’s particles’ arrangement
in a liquid?
4. What’s particles’
arrangement in a solid?
5. Why do scientists study
plasma?
Step VIII. Tell your
class-mates about
v
any
state (phase)of matter you like;
v
phase
transitions.
Step IX. Write an article
for a student magazine with the title: “Exotic states of matter”. Remember to
make your article as interesting as possible.
Fun
Time
Chemistry quiz
1. Three states of matter
A. density, volume and
weight
B. solid, liquid and gas
C. water, metal and gas.
2. Matter is something that takes up space and has
mass
A. True
B. False
3. The temperature at which a substance changes from a
liquid to a gas.
A. Freezing point
B. Melting point
C. Boiling point
D. Condensation point
4. The temperature at which a substance changes from a
liquid to a solid.
A. Freezing point
B. Melting point
C. Boiling point
D. Condensation point
5. Anything that has definite volume but no definite
shape
A. solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
6.
Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume
A. True
B. False
7. The amount of space something takes up
A. density
B. volume
C. mass
8. Mass is the amount of matter in something
A. True
B. False
9. The temperature at which a substance changes from a
gas to a liquid.
A. Freezing point
B. Melting point
C. Boiling point
D. Condensation point
10. The temperature at which a substance changes from
a solid to a liquid.
A. Freezing point
B. Melting point
C. Boiling point
D. Condensation point