|
|
Step I. Before reading the
text speculate on the following.
Ø What is chemistry?
Ø What branches of chemistry do you know?
Ø Do you think the knowledge of chemistry is important
in our everyday life?
Ø Would you like to work as a chemist? Why/Why not?
Step II. Find in
the text sentences with the following word combinations and try to guess their
meanings.
Ø educated choice; compounds of carbon;
chemical composition; chemical change; transformation of atomic nuclei.
Text
Everyday Chemistry
If
you look ‘chemistry’ up in Webster’s Dictionary, you'll see: ‘chemistry n.,
pl. -tries. 1. The science that systematically studies the composition, properties, and activity
of organic and inorganic substances and various
elementary forms of matter. 2. Chemical properties, reactions, phenomena, etc.
Here is the short definition ‘chemistry is a
scientific study of matter, its
properties, and interactions with other matter and with energy’.
An important
point to remember is that chemistry is a science, which means its procedures are systematic and reproducible and its hypotheses are tested using the
scientific method.
Chemists,
scientists who study chemistry, examine
the properties and composition of matter and the interactions between substances. Chemistry is closely related to
physics and to biology.
Chemistry helps
you to understand the world around you. Cooking is chemistry. Everything you
can touch or taste or smell is a chemical. When you study chemistry, you come to
understand a bit about how things work. Chemistry isn't secret knowledge,
useless to anyone but a scientist. It's the explanation for everyday things,
like why laundry detergent works
better in hot water or how baking soda works or why not all pain relievers work equally well on a headache. If you know some chemistry,
you can make educated choices about everyday products that you use.
There are many
reasons for studying chemistry. First is the cultural reason. A well-educated person
needs to have an understanding of the material world in which he lives in as
well as of literature and history. Second reason is the practical or
professional one. Chemists and chemical
engineers are needed for many activities. Also, a good understanding of
chemistry is a necessity of nearly every profession – medicine, engineering,
geology, physics, biology and etc.
Modern chemistry is divided into several important
branches: inorganic chemistry which
studies the properties of chemical elements and their mixtures; organic
chemistry which deals with the compounds of carbon; physical chemistry which
uses physics in studying chemical processes;
analytical chemistry which defines the qualitative and quantitative
chemical composition of substances; colloidal chemistry which deals with
special properties of substances in a finely dispersed condition; electrochemistry which studies the relation
between electrical energy and chemical change; nuclear chemistry which studies
the transformation of atomic nuclei and reaction between them; biochemistry which studies the process in
living organisms.
Chemistry plays
an important role in meeting human needs for food, health care products and
other materials aimed at improving the quality of life.
Topical vocabulary:
chemistry ['kemɪstrɪ] - химия,
chemist - химик,
chemical –химический; сomposition – состав; compound – соединение; definite
– определенный, definition – определение, define – определять; hypothesis [haɪ'pɔθəsɪs] - гипотеза, pl. hypotheses [haɪ'pɔθəsiːz]; interaction - взаимодействие; laundry detergent - стиральный порошок;
matter – материя, вещество; nucleus ['njuːklɪəs] – ядро, pl. nuclei ['njuːklɪaɪ], nuclear ['njuːklɪə] – ядерный; mixture – смесь; property - свойство; phenomenon [fɪ'nɔmɪnən]
- явление, pl. phenomena [fɪ'nɔmɪnə];
reproducible – воспроизводимый; quality ['kwɔlətɪ]
– качество, qualitative – качественный; quantity ['kwɔntətɪ]
– количество, quantitative – количественный; substance ['sʌbst(ə)ns]
– вещество.
Step III. Find
in the text English equivalents to the Russian word combinations:
деятельность
органических и неорганических веществ; различные элементарные формы материи;
химические свойства; научное изучение материи; взаимодействие с другими
веществами; научный метод; свойства и состав вещества; начинать понимать, как
все устроено; объяснение простых явлений; понимание материального мира; особые
свойства вещества.
Step IV. Match
these words with their synonyms.
|
|
|
|
1.
branch of
knowledge |
a. substance |
|
2.
study |
b. characteristic |
|
3.
property |
c. science |
|
4.
test |
d. element |
|
5.
component |
e. examine |
|
6.
matter |
f. investigation |
Step V. There
are more than thirty branches of chemistry. Below you’re given the names of a
few chemical sciences. Try to guess what this or that branch deals with. Match
the names of branches with their definitions.
|
Field of Chemistry |
|
The Subject Matter |
|
1. Organic chemistry 2. Inorganic Chemistry 3. Nuclear chemistry 4. Physical chemistry 5. Biochemistry 6. Radiochemistry 7. Electrochemistry 8. Magnetochemistry 9. Stereochemistry 10. Analytical chemistry |
deals with covers considers treats of is concerned with |
a) radioactive elements b) chemical properties and
reactions involving in solution at the interface of an electron conductor. c) compounds of carbon d) methods of
separating pure substances from
mixtures. e) elements other than carbon f) effects of chemical structure on physical properties of matter g) substances contained in living organisms h) spatial arrangement of
atoms and molecules. i) nuclear reactions and
isotopes. j) the magnetic properties
of compounds. |
Step VI. Agree
or disagree.
1. Chemistry
doesn’t help you to understand the world around you.
2. There are few reasons for studying chemistry.
3. Chemists are needed for many fields of activity.
4. Inorganic
chemistry studies compounds of carbon.
5. Organic chemistry studies the properties of
chemical elements and their mixtures.
6. Physical chemistry uses physics in studying
chemical processes.
7. Biochemistry studies the process in living
organisms.
8. Colloidal chemistry deals with special properties
of substances in a finely dispersed condition.
Step VII. Use the words from the box to complete the
sentences.
1.
A job that needs special training and a formal qualification is_____profession_____.
2. A
cause or an explanation is _______________. 3. Science connected with the
nature of substances is ___________________. 4. A division
of a larger group is ________________. 5. Study of the natural world based on
facts learned through experiment and observations is ____________________. 6. Power obtained from physical or chemical
resources is ___________. 7. A substance made
by mixing other substances together is ______________________________.
Step VIII.
Discuss the following questions.
1. What does chemistry help you to understand?
2. Why do you need to have knowledge of chemistry?
3. What are the reasons for studying chemistry?
4. Where can
you apply your knowledge of chemistry?
5. What branches of modern chemistry do you know?
6. Are there any areas of chemistry which you think
are more important than others?
7. What sciences are closely related to chemistry?
8. Do you think
chemistry is a difficult subject? Give your reasons.
Step IX. Comment
upon the statements using the following phrases: “I think that”, “In my
opinion”, “To my mind”.
Without chemistry civilization is impossible. The list of chemical good
deeds is inexhaustible.
Step X. Write a
letter to your tutor telling him or her which areas of chemistry you would like
to specialize in and why.
Step XI. Read an
excerpt from a lecture on chemistry and answer the question:
Ø What is the lecture about?
Dialogue
J. B:Ladies and gentlemen! Let me begin by
introducing myself. I'm John Brown, and I'm going to teach you chemistry
during the first semester. The purpose of today's lecture is to provide an
introduction to chemistry. As you probably know, chemistry is an experimental
and theoretical science, studying the composition of matter and the changes
that take place in it. Let me remind you that chemical changes involve changes
in composition of matter, accompanied by energy changes. Physical changes
involve changes in the position, location, or size of matter without any
alteration in its composition. Energy changes may be explained as the
liberation or absorption of energy in the form of light, heat, or electricity.
Another thing to remember is that all forms of matter, and we'll discuss it in
detail in other lectures, consist of either pure
substances or mixtures of two or more substances.
What are the
building blocks of matter?... Yes, they are elements.
And compounds are combinations of elements, Most of the elements are metals and
most of them unite with other elements and form compounds. Now, the formation
of a compound from simpler "substances is known as synthesis. Another
process, analysis, is breaking down a compound into simpler substances or
elements, and in this way determining its composition. Remember, please, that
the composition of a pure substance never changes.
Furthermore,
every substance has physical and chemical properties, Physical properties
include... what do they include?
STUDENT 1: Oh... colour,
smell... well, what else?... solubility, density ah...
probably hardness... oh, yes and boiling and melting points.
J. B: Right. They include colour,
smell, solubility, density, hardness, and boiling and melting points. As for
chemical properties, they include the behaviour with
other materials. Now, a few words about matter. It
exists in three states. What are they?
STUDENT 2:Ah... solid, liquid, oh, yes, and gas,
gaseous state.
J. B: Quite true. The solid, the liquid,
and the gaseous state. Usually a substance can be transformed from one
state to another under the changes of its... what?
STUDENT 3: Temperature.
J. B: Yes, temperature. Let me conclude by saying that
chemistry is so much a part of our lives that it's very easily taken for
granted. Metals, glass, plastics, dyes, paints, drugs, insecticides, plants,
paper and a lot more are made of chemicals. Now, do you have any questions? Is
everything clear?
Step XII.
Translate the following English word combinations:
1. The purpose of today’s
lecture________________________________
2. An introduction to the
chemistry______________________________
3. Composition of matter _____________________________________
4. Without
alteration_________________________________________
5. Absorption of
energy_______________________________________
6. Chemical and physical
changes_______________________________
7. Discuss in
detail__________________________________________
8. Pure substance___________________________________________
9. Mixture of two or more
substances____________________________
10. Building blocks of
matter__________________________________
11. Break down
into________________________________________
12. Boiling and melting
points__________________________________
13. Behavior with other
materials_______________________________
14. Physical and chemical
properties_____________________________
15. Solubility, density,
hardness________________________________
16. Solid, liquid and gaseous states of
matter______________________
17. Let me conclude by
saying_________________________________
18. Take for
granted__________________________________________
19. Chemicals_______________________________________________
20. Chemistry is so much part of our
lives________________________
Step XIII.
Complete the following sentences according to the text:
1. Chemical changes involve__________________________________
2. Matter can exist in ________________________________________
3. Physical changes involve ___________________________________
4. Energy changes may be explained_____________________________
5. All forms of matter consist
of_______________________________
6. Synthesis is known as_____________________________________
7. Analysis is known as a process that
___________________________
8. Chemistry is an experimental and theoretical
science ____________
Step XIV. Match these
words with their synonyms:
|
1.
purpose |
a.
mixture |
|
2.
composition |
b.
substance |
|
3.
matter |
c.
compose |
|
4.
consist of |
d.
quality |
|
5.
compound |
e.
aim |
|
6.
property |
f.
structure |
Step XV. Match these words with their antonyms:
|
1.
pure substance |
a.
melting point |
|
2.
liberation |
b.
insolubility |
|
3.
synthesis |
c.
liquid |
|
4.
compose |
d.
analysis |
|
5.
solid |
e.
absorption |
|
6.
freezing point |
f.
mixture |
|
7.
solubility |
g.
break down |
Step XVI.
Complete the sentences with the words from the box:
1. A process that combines simpler substances to a
complex compound is ____________________. 2. Solubility, density, hardness,
boiling and
melting points are _________________. 3. A ___________________
can exist in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous. 4. Changes that involve
changes in composition of matter, accompanied by energy changes are
____________. 5. ___________________________include the behavior with other
materials.
6. A process breaking down a complex substance into
simpler substance
to
determine its composition is called an _____________________.
7. The ________________________ of pure
substance never changes.
8. A substance can be transformed from one
state to another under the changes of ______.
9. Chemistry is a theoretical and __________
science studying the composition of matter.
10. Most of the elements are metals and
most of them unite with other elements
and form_____________________.
Step XVII. Work
in pairs. Make 3 questions based on the text for your partner to answer. Then
change roles.
Step XVIII.
Write a short essay with the title ”What is chemistry
and what does it study?”
Fun Time
Everyday
Chemistry Quiz
1. Two household chemicals you should never mix
include:
a. Vinegar and baking soda. Those bubbles
could be toxic!
b. Bleach and
water. Diluting bleach only
makes it more dangerous.
c. Oil and
water. They don't mix and aren't meant to!
d. Bleach and ammonia. Chloramine vapors
can be deadly!
2. The sweat-blocking ingredient in antiperspirant is
often:
a. An aluminum compound.
b. A calcium compound.
c. A magnesium compound.
d. A tin or stannous compound.
3. The acid in most car batteries, sometimes known as
“Oil of Vitriol”, is:
a. Acetic acid.
b. Hydrochloric acid.
c. Nitric acid.
d. Sulfuric acid
4. One important source of Vitamin C is citrus fruit.
Vitamin C is:
a. Ascorbic acid,
b. Citric acid.
c. Salicylic acid
d. Tricarboxylic
acid.
5. Soft drinks may contain many different acids. The
acid that produces fizz or bubbles is:
a. Ascorbic acid.
b. Carbonic acid
c. Citric acid
d. Phosphoric acid.
6. If you are making soaps and detergents from
scratch, one of your starting ingredients will be:
a. Potassium hydroxide
b. Sodium hydroxide.
c. Sodium chloride
d. Calcium carbonate.
7. Chocolate and cocoa naturally contain relatively
high levels of which two metals?
a. Cadmium and
lead
b. Aluminum and
iron.
c. Cadmium and
mercury
d. Lead and
cobalt.
8. Organic chemistry deals with the compounds of …
a. carbon
b. oxygen
c. hydrogen
d. silicon
9. Bronze is made of 2 metals: ___ and ____.
a. copper and silver
b. tin and copper
c. gold and silver
d. silver and tin
10. This gas is used to fill party balloons. It is lighter than air.
a. He
b. H
c. CO2
d. N